## Prostate cancer Men over 50 years old are in this risk group. They need to visit a urologist regularly and undergo examinations. Men who are African-American or have a father or brother who has been diagnosed with [prostate](https://ul.orna.me/KOge/librarydisease?id=133) cancer should begin appointments at age 45. Major risk factors include age over 50, genetic predisposition, excessive consumption of animal fats, and a sedentary lifestyle. __Diagnosis__ There are two types of diagnosis: - Palpate rectal examination (DRE): an examination of the prostate gland through the rectum - Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) test: a blood test that measures the PSA substance that the prostate secretes ## Testicular cancer This type of cancer is more common in ===men at a young age, as it sometimes appears around 25–35 years old. Unambiguous factors of this disease are not identified. However, the most probable related cryptorchidism is the undescended testicle. This pathology occurs in about 3 % of boys, which requires surgery. Surgery performed before puberty reduces the risk of tumor development. __Diagnosis__ To confirm the diagnosis, a CT and MRI, as well as an ultrasound of the scrotum and testicles, retroperitoneal space, and pelvic organs are performed. ## Cancer of the penis This type of cancer is extremely rare and mostly occurs in people living in hot and humid areas. For example, Brazil has one of the highest incidence rates in the world. Men between the ages of 60–64 are at risk. The exact causes of the disease are unknown, but risk factors include poor hygiene, smoking, human papillomavirus types 16 and 18, chronic inflammatory processes, clots in the arteries, and Bowen's disease. __Diagnosis__ Generally, patients go to the doctor when they see visible symptoms such as lumps and ulcers. The diagnosis is made based on the results of the examination, ultrasound, and MRI. ## Lung cancer This type of cancer affects people of both sexes, but in men, it is one of the most common cancer diagnoses: it occurs 6 times more often than in women. Men between 50 and 80 years old should have a [lung](https://ul.orna.me/KOge/librarydisease?id=130) checkup regularly. People who have smoked or quit smoking in the last 15 years, but have a 20-year smoking history, should pay special attention to their lungs. Major risk factors include genetic predisposition, smoking, working in a harmful job, carcinogen-contaminated atmosphere, ionizing radiation, and chronic diseases of the respiratory system. __Diagnosis__ Typically, lung cancer is detected during chest radiography and computed tomography (CT) scans. The diagnosis is then confirmed with a biopsy performed during tracheobronchoscopy or under CT control.