## What are tumor markers? These are proteins that appear in the blood or urine as a result of the activity of cancer cells from the moment they arise. However, tumor markers can also apply to diseases that are not related to oncology—for example, inflammatory processes in the body. For the diagnosis of cancer, analysis for tumor markers has relative importance, as exceeding the norm is typically a signal for further examination. For preventive purposes, you should not rely only on tumor markers, ===as they do not always detect the presence of cancer cells in the body—especially in the early stages. They are an auxiliary diagnostic tool primarily used by doctors during treatment to monitor its effectiveness. Research has found 200 tumor markers, but only about 20 of the most common are used in diagnostics. ## Tumor markers for women CA 15-3, CEA, CA-19-9, CA 72-4 — these allow for the detection of malignant formations in the breast, the absence or presence of metastases. An increased level of CA 15-3 is observed in 60 percent of primary sick patients. CA-72-4 and CA 125 in combination with HE4 show the condition of the ovaries, as well as endometrial cancer or endometriosis itself. Exceeding the norm also occurs in healthy women during menstruation and pregnancy. SCC helps to diagnose cervical cancer in the early stages, but it is important to exclude other causes should values increase—such as acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. ## Tumor markers for men AFP and b-HCG determine the presence of pathological changes in the testicles. They may indicate liver cancer and liver metastases from other malignant tumors. They can also increase with liver diseases. PSA (general) and PSA (free) are used to detect prostate cancer. Exceeding the norm may not indicate a tumor but simply a chronic inflammation of the prostate. ## General tumor markers B-2-microglobulin indicates the presence of lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and B-cell lymphocytic leukemia. The indicator of the marker is associated with immunity; therefore, it increases with any inflammation and renal failure. CA-19-9 is used in pancreas cancer diagnosis and treatment control (up to 80% of cases) as well as stomach, colon, rectum, and gallbladder cancer. CA 242 is more accurate than CA-19-9 in detecting cancer of the pancreas, colon, and rectum in the early stages. CEA is considered for the diagnosis of colon and rectal cancer along with other markers. This protein can increase during inflammation in the body. In people who smoke, the upper CEA level is always 2 times higher. ## When and how to get tested? Bear in mind that tumor markers can indicate several locations of cancer cells at once. Therefore, for an accurate diagnosis, doctors prescribe a combination of markers. For example, when determining stomach cancer, CEA, CA-72-4, and CA-19-9 are taken; for pancreatic cancer, CA-19-9 and CEA are taken; and for rectal cancer, CEA, CA-19-9, and CA-125 are taken. If you know that you have a body weakness (some kind of persistent wound, ulcer, or inflammation) or a genetic predisposition to a specific type of cancer (cancer in close blood relatives), it is recommended to take tests once a year for appropriate tumor markers in addition to instrumental examination. After 45 years of age, men and women should have oncology tests included in their annual medical examinations.